Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid: Westerns Riding off into the Sunset

In both my Les Miserables and Moulin Rouge! pieces, I made some comment about the musical as the genre that receives the least love in the modern era of film. I stand by that, but I acknowledge there is one other genre for which you could potentially make a similar case. I am referring of course to the western film.

Musicals at least have Disney keeping them on life alert, and maybe one day we’ll get the Wicked movie Universal has been promising us for ten years [FUTURE EDIT: All good things, folks]. But westerns don’t really have a place in the modern film world. Occasionally we’ll get a film like No Country for Old Men which use similar aesthetics and themes, but they are heavily modified from the gun-blazing-horseback-racing-wide-open-desert westerns of old. Those died, oddly enough, around the same time musicals fell out of fashion. 

            Professors Susan Kord and Elizabeth Krimmer say the following about the Western:

The Lego Movie (2014)

“Because myths are by definition stuck in the past, the Western has become saddled, as it were, with a reputation for being the most backward, traditional, and un-modern of all film genres. For over thirty years now, scholarly consensus has declared Westerns to be a genre in decline. Unable to compete with more sophisticated genres, it survives as self-parody or in revisionist form.”

Hollywood in the mid-late 1960s was undergoing a massive identity crisis with things like the breakdown of the studio system. But the artform also had to start serving an audience whose filmgoing appetites were rapidly changing in the wake of widespread civil protest and general social malaise. There were a lot of casualties in Hollywood during this time, westerns were only part of that lineup. One of the last western movies to make its mark was George Roy Hill’s 1969 film, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.

This movie imagines the final days of the real-life bank robbers whose adventures in high-stakes crime in the late 19^th century formed the basis of wild west legend. Upon release, the movie was met with mixed reception with popular critics, including Roger Ebert, dismissing the film for its odd tone and mixed ideology. And yet, the movie went on to be a considerate success at the box office. One of the last for a genre on its way out. The odd thing is the film seems oddly cognizant of its own dwindling relevance.

Here’s a film about two cowboys who realize that the wild west is disappearing beneath their feet just as western films are losing their foothold in the imagination of the masses and trying to find if there’s still a place for them. Foreshadowing the eventual extinguishing of the genre, Butch and Sundance will ultimately lose this fight.

And yet, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid found a sort of second life in the wake of the film's release. In 2003 the film was ranked as the 73^rd greatest American Film by AFI and the 7^th greatest Western. (The Professor would probably rank it even higher on both counts.) The Sundance Film Festival, the largest independent film festival in the US, was named by Robert Redford's company after his character in this film. The Professor encountered this movie more than once in his academic study of film, even writing his final paper in Intro to Film Theory on the subject. Did Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ever actually die? (No, this isn't a conspiracy post about cowboys getting kidnapped by aliens or whatever. This aint that kind of blog.)

 Answering that question is about as complicated as answering the question of did westerns ever die. At a glance, yes. But this movie has its own axis on which it defines survival. Like westerns at large, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were overtaken by the tidal wave of progress. But, also like westerns, their death only launched their immortality.

 

Once Upon a Time in the West

The Searchers (1956)

    The western genre is so named for the wild wild West in which these films took place. Whether or not you yourself have even seen a western, you know the hallmarks: Cowboys riding horseback over the vast desert, leaving law and order in their wake, the red sun casting a godlike glow on the noble heroes, and so on. These heroes were so revered because they existed outside of the safety net of society—they outlasted the bad guys because they were tougher. Westerns as a whole were a symbol for the triumphant American spirit overcoming all odds. What exactly that meant and how one reconciled that with this country's missteps, that all varied between western, but broadly these films spotlighted the period of American history wherein cowboys brought civilization to the frontier and laid the foundations of this great country we enjoy today. 

    For some authorial context, Westerns as a genre are not necessarily favorites in the book of The Professor. I enjoy a good one now and then, as I do with all styles of filmmaking, but it's not like with musicals where I am constantly using this and every platform to campaign for the genre's return. But I find their exit from the mainstream to be a fascinating piece of discussion because it reveals a lot about the American psyche--and its evolving relationship with itself.

    I enjoy this particular western generally owing to its exceptionally strong craft, including the chemistry of the leads and the vibrancy of the script. Moreover, there is that layer of internal examination that makes the viewer feel privy to some deep and personal secret. The film's opening places the viewer in an almost voyeuristic position, seeing the conquests of Butch and Sundance play out on an old theater screen with the viewer standing as though from a doorway, like you're not sure you were invited to listen in on what is to come. And that's kind of the feeling of the whole film: in this proscenium of burly resilience, this film is one of those precious spaces where you see the western genre truly reckoning with its own weakness, its own mortality.

In his piece for The Atlantic, "How the Western was Lost (and why it matters)" Michael Agresta notes:

The Professionals (1966)

“The other great theme of the Western, after that of the conquering of native peoples and the establishment of civilization in the desert, is that of loss and of nostalgia for a certain way of life--the early freedoms of the West, the idea of riding across an unfenced landscape, the infinite possibilities of the frontier. That ‘West,’ of course, is already gone, fallen, conquered. It has been for decades, even though holding onto some sense of it seems crucial to our identity as Americans. Movie Westerns have been tracking that loss for a century.”

Agresta’s comment also foreshadows where westerns run into their first problem with modern audiences. Did you catch it? 

Westerns are known for being a uniquely American genre. Their setting places the stories in an environment that is unmistakably American and appeals to a sense of pride that is specific to the descendants of the American settlers. And as the American melting pot continues to house peoples of many nationalities and origins, the settling of the wild west becomes a smaller part of the American story.

            Moreover, in this era of manifest destiny, who was it doing most of the conquering and settling? White men. And who were they often conquering and settling? Everyone else. But especially Native Americans, and they frequently filled the role of antagonists in these films.

In the interest of being fair, classical westerns weren’t necessarily more racist than any other movie or genre of that time, they were subject to a pre-critical race theory world just like everyone else, but it’s harder to ignore some of their offenses given that the plots of the films themselves were focalized on racial relations, particularly Native Americans. 

It should also be noted that not all Westerns employed this Cowboys vs Indians narrative. Just as many, like Shane (1953), presented white outlaws as the main antagonists. Other films that did acknowledge Native Americans, like Fort Apache (1948) acknowledged the greed of the white man and condemned characters who did not show due respect for the rights of the natives. Later westerns like Dances with Wolves (1990) presented the topic of colonization from the perspective of the Indians. It’s a complex subject.

    When I come across modern audiences who pass on or outright reject westerns as a whole, they will usually report taking issue with the genre's romanticization of not only this country's bloody history but the figures who forged it. But many of classic Hollywood's most revered westerns actually employed a more critical look at the American story. John Ford's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, for example, questions whether those credited for bringing civilization and order to this great nation, were actually as great, noble, or powerful as the history books suggest. 

There is truth to the idea that the western film serves as a kind of temple of reverence for the American legacy, and that it is painting a false or at least incomplete portrait of the country's history, but popular imagination has also distorted how the genre crafts that image. Even when the cowboys are the good guys, there's usually some shadow tinging that scarlet sunset. The eye with which films like "Liberty Valance" viewed history are generally better classified as critical rather than outright scathing, and I think that is where some modern viewers find their examination unsatisfactory, but it is this duality that makes them such essential documents.

That kind of internal examination is certainly on display here as well. Butch and Sundance slide on a sort of rapscallion nirvana, but their rat race to stay alive forces them to acknowledge their own handicaps, the things that ought to disqualify them from their pedigree. When faced with the choice to surrender or trying escaping into a raging river, Sundance confesses that he can't swim. Butch? Well, he's never shot a person before. The celebrity they have been floating on has had holes all along.

The Big Trail (1930)

   In his article for The Atlantic, “What the Western Means Now,” writer Noah Gittel notes: “The underlying subject of nearly every western is the tension that erupts when an ascending civilization comes into conflict with the savage wilderness. Whether it is a sheriff chasing an outlaw or a homesteader fighting off an Indian attack, classical westerns depict an America trying to balance its frontier spirit with the need for manmade justice and order. Films like “Stagecoach,” “My Darling Clementine,” and “High Noon” show the difficult process of extending a young nation into new territory. Perhaps that’s why westerns resonate less and less: Precious few among us would still call America a country on the rise.”

            This is the world in which Butch and Sundance find themselves. This is the world in which they must fight for the right to exist. This film takes the perspective of western celebrities who must ask themselves whether they are legend or merely relics.

 

Two-Bit Outlaws

One of the generally agreed upon strengths of the film is the entertaining dynamic between the title characters, and with that the charisma of the lead actors, Paul Newman and Robert Redford.

Said Director George Roy Hill of the historical outlaws: “I don’t know exactly how [Butch Cassidy] did it, but he led and controlled the most vicious gang in the west at the time and still somehow remained the most affable and good-natured outlaw in frontier history. Everybody liked him, even the Pinkerton men . . .

    “Sundance was Butch’s opposite in almost every way. He was a deadly killer, a man of sudden violences, and titanic drunks. He had no friends really, except Butch, and the extraordinary thing was the closeness of their friendship and the fact that it lasted all their lives.”

Of lead actors Paul Newman and Robert Redford, Hill said: “Actors can sometimes be a terrible pain in the ass with their jealousy of each other. But on this one, even though they didn’t know each other before they started Bob and Paul consciously established a relationship that was excellent. It included Redford’s having to laugh at all of Newman’s god-awful jokes, and Newman had to put up with Redford showing up anywhere from ten to fifteen minutes late all the time. But to have that kind of relationship offscreen is damned important because it’ll show up onscreen as well.”

And it does. Butch and Sundance have some of the greatest chemistry in film history, and Newman and Redford would go on to work with each other again in 1973’s The Sting. With any film you want the relationship between the characters to feel organic, but it’s particularly worth bringing up here because of what Butch and Sundance’s relationship stands for in this universe.

The resemblances between our leads here and traditional western heroes are very focalized. Butch and Sundance are not overflowing with righteousness or patriotism. They mostly just look out for themselves while robbing their local banks and passing locomotives. Their real defining characteristic, the one virtue they do have covered, is the loyalty they have to one another—the sense of brotherhood that compels two rough-and-tough-cowboys to bark at one another while tending to each other’s gunshot wounds. 

These two characters embody everything we love about westerns through their boldness, their charisma, their cleverness, and their loyalty to each other. The characters and the genre are linked so inextricably that the very fate of westerns feels tied to that of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and we hope these two will pull off one final grand escape because we're not sure if the new frontier will have room for such antiquated qualities.

 

“John Wayne Don’t Run Away!”

There’s a scene early on in the film wherein the town marshal unsuccessfully attempts to rally the townsfolk into charging Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid out of town. The townspeople know better than to think they have the manpower to force the bandits out of town, and they’re more or less resigned to their occupancy. The failed rally soon gives way to a bicycle salesman upstaging the marshal as he pitches this new invention to the town, and Butch and Sundance laugh the whole thing off from the safety of their balcony. There’s a sad irony to this scene as bicycles, like the one the salesman is selling, will soon overtake the horse as the standard mode of transportation. A world that has moved on from horseback certainly has no place for two-bit outlaws like Butch and Sundance.

In their desert paradise, Butch and Sundance don’t really worry about being outgrown or overtaken. Charismatic and masters in the field, their bank and train robberies feel more like house calls. When they’re not staking their next job, Butch and Sundance are surveying the local bars and brothels with their gang or taking turns romancing schoolteacher Etta Place (who is actually a very fun character brought to life beautifully by Katherine Ross but unfortunately she doesn’t get a lot of coverage in this essay, which I lament). It’s a paradise, yes, but it’s one that can’t last.

The iron hand that threatens to propel Butch and Sundance out of the West is the enigmatic Lefors and his task force of lawmen. Lefors and his men are presented as almost supernatural forces. We never see the faces of any of the horsemen for example. The task force is introduced in the form of a black train car spouting a cloud of black smoke, the grinding of its many mechanical parts screeching loudly. In this way, Butch and Sundance are fleeing less from a character than a concept. They are fleeing from the force of progress itself. And progress is merciless, killing off their entire posse and chasing them through the desert for nights on end. Their wits and guns are useless against the turning of the wheel.

Their ally, Sheriff Bledsoe, says it best: “You should have let yourself get killed a long time ago when you had the chance. See, you may be the biggest thing that ever hit this area . . . but you're still nothing but two-bit outlaws on the dodge. It's over, don't you get that? Your times is over and you're gonna die bloody, and all you can do is choose where. Butch and Sundance will spend the rest of the film trying to prove this wrong. Their efforts steer them, and Etta, into Bolivia where they think they will be beyond the reach of Lefors and his task force, or any form of authority.

            When critics complained about this film being so diametrically different from your standard western, they usually pointed to this plot point. From Turner Classic Movies’ Overview of the film:

“The finished script of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid was shopped around to several studios. One executive famously rejected it because of the flight to South America. He wanted the outlaws to stay in the U.S. and fight the super-posse to the death. When Goldman argued it really happened the way he wrote it, the executive insisted he didn't care because ‘John Wayne don't run away.’”

    There’s a biting sense of poetic justice that Butch and Sundance ultimately have to break a sort of cowboy’s code in order to stay alive in a post-western world.

Once in Bolivia, the three of them attempt to restart their robbing spree, rehearsing their hold-up scripts in Spanish, and for a time they are successful. But with every hint of the authorities closing in on them, Butch and Sundance are forced to compromise more and more until they hang up their bandit guns for real working-class jobs, and it is here as they try wearing the guise of modernity that they are confronted with their incompatibility with this new world.

While transporting gold down the mountain for a job, Butch and Sundance are ambushed by bandits who kill their guide, and it becomes clear that the only way they will survive is if they take on their assailants, but it will require both of them to shoot. It is here Butch his confession that through all their conquests, Butch has never actually killed a man before. Sundance has always pulled the trigger. (As far as we know, this reflect the reality of the historical figure, who was never documented as having shot or killed anyone during their plundering.) Surrendering himself to this inescapable course of action, Butch kills the bandits—and with them a key part of his own code, his identity.

Butch and Sundance walk away from this skirmish defeated. Yes, they’re alive, but they see for themselves how just how unfit they are for this world. It’s clear that violence will follow them wherever they go. The world in which they can just smooth talk their way out of an uncomfortable situation no longer exists. Now they know what surviving in this new age would cost them.

 

The Final Showdown

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid eventually meet their end at the hands of the law when the local police force recognize them at a marketplace. Butch and Sundance instantly come under gunfire and fight for their lives. They find momentary refuge inside a store, but the police summon an army to exterminate these outlaws once and for all. As the gunmen gather outside, Butch offers up one more crazy idea: Australia. Once they’ve outrun this new assailant, they’ll make one last escape to Australia. With that, Butch and Sundance dash out of their hiding place, right into a rainstorm of bullets.

The frame freezes while we hear the chief give orders to shoot, and the roar of gunfire plays over the still image of Butch and Sundance. The frame dissolves into sepia tones as the exit music plays and we linger on the image Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, their final act of bravery cementing itself into legend right before our eyes.

Referring back to TCM’s overview of the making of the film:

“While writing Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Goldman said he had in mind the notion of ‘stupid courage,’ a trait that had moved him since childhood and stuck in his head after viewing such films as Gunga Din (1939). That notion emerged in his screenplay in the famous jump off the cliff into the rapids and the final dialogue scene in which Butch and Sundance, trapped and badly wounded, tend to their injuries and talk blithely about their next move before charging into the open with guns blazing for what is quite likely their fatal last stand.”

Of the finale, Goldman said “It's the best ending I've ever been involved with.”

There’s a mercy in freezing the image the moment before the bullets ravage their bodies, but it’s also loaded with symbolism. Literally their lives end when the rain of gunfire consumes them, but that's not what they will be remembered for. That final stand, that final moment of "stupid courage," will be their legacy. 

Ultimately, the wheel of progress doesn’t stop, and not everyone can turn with it. Frontiers are settled. Societal interests change. Genres fall out of fashion. When this happens, we can either try to assimilate, or we can remain faithful to our inner truth. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid imagines what happens when you choose to go down with the ship. By refusing to submit to the authorities, Butch and Sundance lose their lives, but they consecrate the western spirit that they lived for, and this spirit will live on long after they, and the mythical wild West, are gone. 

Beyond the Sunset

Around the time Westerns started falling out favor, the space race was heating up, and outer space became the ultimate stage for our collective imaginations. TV sci-fi epics like Star Trek and Lost in Space took the place of John Ford western epics. This is actually a very logical progression as outer space is one frontier we haven’t yet conquered. But the uncomfortable truth that space epics will never acknowledge is that such films and series borrowed heavily from the western genre. (The final frontier? That’s not a coincidence.) That’s true of today as well. Characters like the 2009 version of Captain Kirk or Guardians of the Galaxy's Peter Quill certainly take inspiration from lovable western rogues like Butch and Sundance. Even when we’ve lost interest in the wild west, we still describe our aspirations and ambitions using the vocabulary of the western.

    The fantastical tool-boxes of science fiction also give filmmakers enough wiggle room to borrow western scenarios while ditching some of their loaded baggage. Think how The Mandalorian tells the story of a master gunslinger living outside the law travailing an unforgiving frontier that more often than not looks just like the unsettled West, only he’s not blasting Native Americans, he’s blasting literal aliens. Think also how casting a minority actor in the lead role further diffuses uncomfortable subtext associated with traditional westerns. Though the parts are rearranged, the show effectively tells a western story with space ships and laser guns.

    These examples speak to an unacknowledged fascination with the refining fires of the open deserts overflowing with lawlessness. We’re "over" westerns, but we still somehow depend on them.

Could westerns proper ever make a comeback? It’s always possible, but like Krimmer and Kord said, they are saddled with a reputation of being outdated and irrelevant. The closest things we see are genre parody/mashups like Cowboys vs Aliens, neo-westerns like Hell or High Water, or whatever you want to call The Ballad of Buster Scruggs. 

Shenandoah (1965)

Even so, claiming that westerns could never ride again supposes that America’s story is done. Even if we are no longer a country on the rise, we are still a country with a legacy, much of which was formed out on the open West. Yes, modern installments would naturally have to adapt to contemporary sensibilities (likely sharing the frontier with neglected communities) but that’s not too far removed from musicals doing away with blackface or similar examples of genres adapting to modern ideologies. Who knows, maybe in two hundred years after space travel has become commonplace, space films will fade into irrelevance themselves and a renewed sense of nostalgia for the wild wild west will bring us back to John Wayne and the age of the cowboys.

Returning to Agresta’s piece for The Atlantic.

“For a century plus, we have relied on Westerns to teach us our history and reflect our current politics and our place in the world. We can ill afford to lose that mirror now, especially just because we don't like what we see staring back at us.”

     I think it’s fair to mourn the death of Butch and Sundance, not simply as characters but as the personification of a certain kind of boldness and freedom that maybe we have lost touch with. And yet, one wonders, if Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid could see the frontier they left behind, if they could see their successors now blazing across the stars, would anything make them more satisfied?

            --The Professor